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Enzymes 2.1 1) respiration(animals) photosynthesis (plants) mitosis (cells) 2) they speed up the chemical reactions within the body 3a) enzymes are a protein in the body used to speed up chemical reactions. they act by reducing the amount of actervation energy required for the reaction to occur. b) proteins c)Enzymes relate to their substrates in that the active site of an enzyme is attracted to the substrate, and they fit together in either by 'lock and key' model or the 'induced fit' model and the enzyme breaks the substrate into products. d)Enzymes are used in the body to increase the persons metabolism by producing both glucose from the substate starch. 4) Specificity is one enzyme attacted to a specific substrate. 5)figure 2.2??? 6) Enzymes can be used over and over again because they are not used up n the reaction. 7a)the activation energy is the enery required for the reactin to begin. b)Enzymes reduce the activation energy needed. 8a)Enzyme affinity is how much the enzyme is attracted to its substrate. b)Enzyme affinity can be altered by inhibitors. c)It inhibits its ability to act as an enzyme to its specific substrate. 9) Temperature and pH affect the active site of the enzyme by slowing it down if it is not the optimum temperture of the enzyme. 10)five factors include; temperature, too high a temp. can denature an enyme effecting its abitlty to work. 11)co-enzymes are small organic molecules, coenzymes with metallic ions eg. cu2+ are called co-factors 12) enzymes can be used in cleaning products, and specific drugs. 13) enzyme defiency can cause disease. for example a lack of tyrosine can cause mental retardation. 14a)an anabolic reaction is the construction of larger molecules from smaller molecules. this process requires energy. b)??? 15a) catabolic reactions are the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones.this releases energy. b)breakdown of food. 16) Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids 17a)hydrolysis id the cutting of molecules with the help from water. dehydration is the opposite. b)anabolism- hydrolysis catabolism- dehydration c i)hydrolysyis c ii) dehydration
 * pH, slows down the reaction
 * cofactors/coenzymes, the more of these the better
 * amount of reactants and products, the speed of the reaction is based on these
 * other chemicals

phs & rsp 3.1 1) energy is the capacity to do work 2)energy is required to perform the bodily functions and cellular work 3)some energy conversions that occur in living organisms include glucose into carbon dioxide and water chemical and heat is released and atp into adp. 4) energy efficeincy in a particular reaction????????HELP **__We will go through this next week, but, efficiency is really just how much energy does what you want it to do and how much is wasted (usually as heat). Think of a car engine. You want the petrol to make car go forward but most just turns into heat.__** 5a)it is the energy released from chemical reactions b) cells store and release chemical energy by using enzymes to control chemical reactions 6) An exergonic reaction because it results in a net release of energy. An endergonic reaction is protein sythesis because it requires an imput of energy to occur.

3.2 7a)ATP is the supplier of energy in cells through the bonds between the atoms in the molecule. it readily supplies energy to the cell by breaking these bonds b) figure 3.7?? 8) glycolysis is the first stage of respiration in which one 6C glucose molecule is broken down to two 3C compounds. 9a)aerobic respiration is a form of resperation occuring in the absence of oxygen in which glucose is broken down to smaller compounds, with release of energy that it is transferred to ATP. b)6C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 to 6CO2 + 6H20 10) drawings, not on computer.... 11) the products of fermentattion in animals is lactic acid and the product in plants is alcohol and carbon dioxide.equation?? 12) the advantage is that it can be done without oxygen. when the oxygen becomes avaliable again the lactic acid is recycled back to glucose. 13)two compounds other than glucose that can be broken to release ATP is substances such as lipids and proteins. are they equally energy rich?

3.3 14) energy used by all cells origionates from the sun. flow of energy? 15a)Chlorophyll absorbs light most strongly in the blue and red but poorly in the green portion which accounts for the green pigmentation. b) ATP is the "fuel" used by all living organisms. this one of the products of photosyntesis. 16a,b) (inputs)6CO2 +6H2O(both inorganic) to (outputs) C6 H12 O6(organic) + 6O2(inorganic) which substance has the most stored chemical energy? i thought it was the ATP? 17) not on computer. 18a)C4 plants are more likly to be found in the desert or dry hot areas. C3 plants are in forests. b) C4 plants are more efficient in a hot dry climate, because the enzymes in these plants has a higher optimum temperature than that of the C3 plants. the C4 plants use carbon dioxide in a different way also making them more suited to the heat. C3 plants work faster than a C4 in a forest type of an environment but in a dry climate the C4 is much more effiecient. 19) red and viotel light are the most usefull for a plant performing photosynthesis. 20a)if the avaliability of carbon dioxide is increase so too will be the rate of photosynthesis until limited by other factors. b) the rate of photosynthesis will increase with light intensity to a certain point where it can go no faster. c) the increase in temperature wont make a huge difference to the speed of the reaction. it is more dependant on the other factors above. however, C3 plants can be affected by high temperatures making the reactions go slower. 21) please explain amitrole!!!???? 22)hmm??? where was i meant to be reading about this stuff coz i guessed most of it!!